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Wagner, R. ; Buettner, J.* ; Heni, M. ; Fritsche, L. ; Kullmann, S. ; Wagmüller, M.* ; Peter, A. ; Preissl, H. ; Machann, J. ; Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg, R. ; Birkenfeld, A.L. ; Pape, U.F.* ; van Hall, G.* ; Plomgaard, P.* ; Häring, H.-U. ; Fritsche, A. ; Thompson, K.N.* ; Klein, R.* ; Stefan, N.

Carrageenan and insulin resistance in humans: A randomised double-blind cross-over trial.

BMC Med. 22:558 (2024)
Publ. Version/Full Text DOI PMC
Open Access Gold
Creative Commons Lizenzvertrag
BACKGROUND: The potential impact of specific food additives, common in Western diets, on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is not well understood. This study focuses on carrageenan, a widely used food additive known to induce insulin resistance and gut inflammation in animal models, and its effects on human health. METHODS: In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial conducted at a university hospital metabolic study centre, 20 males (age 27.4 ± 4.3 years, BMI 24.5 ± 2.5 kg/m2) participated. The intervention involved oral intake of carrageenan (250 mg) or placebo in the morning and in the evening and each intervention lasted 2 weeks. The primary outcome measured was insulin sensitivity (using oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp). Additional end-points included whole body and hepatic insulin sensitivity, MRI-measured brain inflammation and insulin resistance, intestinal permeability (via lactulose-mannitol test and plasma zonulin levels), and gut microbiome composition. Immune-cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured. RESULTS: Overall insulin sensitivity did not show significant differences between the treatments. However, interactions between BMI and treatment were observed (OGTT-based insulin sensitivity index: p=0.04, fasting insulin resistance: p=0.01, hepatic insulin sensitivity index: p=0.04). In overweight participants, carrageenan exposure resulted in lower whole body and hepatic insulin sensitivity, a trend towards increased brain inflammation, and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6 levels compared to placebo. Additionally, carrageenan was associated with increased intestinal permeability. In vitro natural killer (NK-)cell activation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release were found after carrageenan exposure in the participant's peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that carrageenan, a common food additive, may contribute to insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation in overweight individuals through pro-inflammatory mechanisms in the gut. Further investigation into the long-term health impacts of carrageenan and other food additives is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02629705.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Scientific Article
Corresponding Author
Keywords Carrageenan ; Emulsifiers ; Gut Microbiome ; Insulin Sensitivity ; Intestinal Permeability ; Type 2 Diabetes; Intestinal Permeability; Barrier Function; Zonulin; Cells; Emulsifiers; Consumption; Inhibition; Colitis
ISSN (print) / ISBN 1741-7015
e-ISSN 1741-7015
Journal BMC Medicine
Quellenangaben Volume: 22, Issue: 1, Pages: , Article Number: 558 Supplement: ,
Publisher BioMed Central
Publishing Place Campus, 4 Crinan St, London N1 9xw, England
Non-patent literature Publications
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM)
Institute of Diabetes and Obesity (IDO)
Grants State of Baden-Wurttemberg
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
Projekt DEAL