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Rückert-Eheberg, I.-M. ; Steger, A.* ; Müller, A.* ; Linkohr, B. ; Barthel, P.* ; Maier, M.* ; Allescher, J.* ; Sinner, M.F.* ; Rizas, K.D.* ; Rathmann, W.* ; Laugwitz, K.L.* ; Kääb, S.* ; Peters, A. ; Schmidt, G.*

Respiratory rate and its associations with disease and lifestyle factors in the general population - results from the KORA-FF4 study.

PLoS ONE 20:e0318502 (2025)
Publ. Version/Full Text Research data DOI PMC
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to derive median age- and sex-specific respiratory rates in a population-based sample of adults and to identify disease and lifestyle factors associated with elevated respiratory rates. METHODS: In the population-based KORA FF4 study conducted in Augsburg, Germany, 5-minute 12-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECGpro-system, AMEDTEC) were recorded in 2,224 participants from 39 to 88 years. Respiratory rate was derived from these electrocardiograms. Sex- and age-specific medians, IQRs, and percentiles were calculated. Associations of sociodemographic, disease, and lifestyle variables with elevated resting respiratory rate were assessed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Respiratory rate decreased slightly from youngest to middle-aged women and men and increased in old age. Overall, median (IQR) was 15.80 (3.16) breaths per minute (brpm). Five percent of the participants had values lower than 12.06 brpm, and five percent had values above 20.06 brpm (95th percentile). Elevated respiratory rates of ≥  18.6 brpm were found in 13.8% (n =  308). In an adjusted logistic regression model, age, abdominal obesity, diabetes, COPD, smoking, and low education were significantly associated with elevated respiratory rate. Stratified analyses showed that education appeared to be more relevant in women, while the effect of diabetes was more pronounced in men. CONCLUSIONS: High respiratory rate may be an indicator of impaired health in the general population, especially regarding pulmonary and metabolic characteristics, and unfavorable lifestyle and living conditions. Individuals with an increased respiratory rate should therefore be examined and followed up more closely to recognize diseases and adverse progressions at an early stage and to possibly prevent them.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Scientific Article
Keywords Heart-rate; Myocardial-infarction; Risk Stratification; Pulmonary-function; Predictor; Mortality; Cigarette; Impact
Language english
Publication Year 2025
HGF-reported in Year 2025
ISSN (print) / ISBN 1932-6203
Journal PLoS ONE
Quellenangaben Volume: 20, Issue: 3, Pages: , Article Number: e0318502 Supplement: ,
Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Publishing Place Lawrence, Kan.
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute of Epidemiology (EPI)
POF-Topic(s) 30202 - Environmental Health
Research field(s) Genetics and Epidemiology
PSP Element(s) G-504000-010
G-504000-006
G-504090-001
Grants DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research)
State of Bavaria
Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health - German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0318502
WOS ID 001450962400003
Scopus ID 86000465523
PubMed ID 40067853
Erfassungsdatum 2025-03-17
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