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Marb, A. ; Ma, Y.* ; Nobile, F.* ; Dubrow, R.* ; Kinney, P.L.* ; Stafoggia, M.* ; Chen, K.* ; Peters, A. ; Breitner-Busch, S.

Short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter and cause-specific mortality: A causal modeling approach in four regions.

Environ. Pollut. 372:126059 (2025)

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	Open Access Gold (Paid Option)

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Ambient air pollution still represents a major health burden. While the link between short-term air pollution exposures and mortality has been well-documented globally, few studies have applied causal modeling approaches. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the relationship between day-to-day changes in ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) levels and changes in daily natural, cardiovascular (including all-cardiovascular, cardiac, and stroke), as well as respiratory mortality rates using a causal modeling framework. Daily air pollution data and cause-specific death counts at the county, district, or municipality level from California (US), Jiangsu (China), Germany, and Lazio (Italy) were obtained for the years 2015 to 2019, including urban and rural populations. We used interactive fixed effects models to analyze the effects of air pollutants across different lag periods (0-2, 3-7, and 0-7 days after exposure) while accounting for both measured and unmeasured time-varying spatial unit-specific confounding factors. We observed increases in daily cardiovascular deaths (per 1 million people) per a 10 μg/m³ increase in daily NO₂ at lag 0-7: 0.18 (95% confidence interval: -0.02, 0.38) in California, 0.23 (0.14, 0.32) in Jiangsu, 0.48 (0.27, 0.70) in Germany, and -0.35 (-2.63, 1.92) in Lazio. For PM_2.5, the related increases in cardiovascular mortality rates were 0.00 (-0.18, 0.18) in California, 0.04 (0.00, 0.09) in Jiangsu, 0.22 (0.06, 0.37) in Germany, and 1.96 (0.76, 3.16) in Lazio. Additionally, associations were seen for natural, cardiac, stroke, and respiratory mortality, particularly pronounced among individuals aged 75 and older. These associations were strongest with prolonged exposures and remained consistent even in two-pollutant models. This study, using a causal modeling approach and including urban and rural populations, contributes to the growing body of evidence linking increases in short-term exposure to NO₂ and PM_2.5 with increased cause-specific mortality rates.

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Publication type Article: Journal article

Document type Scientific Article

Corresponding Author

Keywords Ambient Air Pollution ; Cardiovascular Mortality ; Natural Mortality ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; Particulate Matter ; Respiratory Mortality; Air-pollution; Hospital Admissions; Susceptibility; Particles; Pm2.5

ISSN (print) / ISBN 0269-7491

e-ISSN 1873-6424

Journal Environmental Pollution

Quellenangaben Volume: 372, Article Number: 126059

Publisher Elsevier

Publishing Place 125 London Wall, London, England

Non-patent literature Publications

Reviewing status Peer reviewed

Institute(s) Institute of Epidemiology (EPI)

Grants U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
HEI
Health Effects Institute (HEI) research agreement
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)