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Davis, K.A.S.* ; Coleman, J.R.I.* ; Adams, M.* ; Breen, G.* ; Cai, N. ; Davies, H.L.* ; Davies, K.J.A.* ; Dregan, A.* ; Eley, T.C.* ; Fox, E.* ; Holliday, J.* ; Hübel, C.* ; John, A.* ; Kassam, A.S.* ; Kempton, M.J.* ; Lee, W.* ; Li, D.* ; Maina, J.G.* ; McCabe, R.* ; McIntosh, A.M.* ; Oram, S.* ; Richards, M.* ; Skelton, M.* ; Starkey, F.* ; Ter Kuile, A.R.* ; Thornton, L.M.* ; Wang, R.* ; Yu, Z.* ; Zvrskovec, J.* ; Hotopf, M.*

The UK Biobank mental health enhancement 2022: Methods and results.

PLoS ONE 20:e0324189 (2025)

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BACKGROUND: This paper introduces the UK Biobank (UKB) second mental health questionnaire (MHQ2), describes its design, the respondents and some notable findings. UKB is a large cohort study with over 500,000 volunteer participants aged 40-69 years when recruited in 2006-2010. It is an important resource of extensive health, genetic and biomarker data. Enhancements to UKB enrich the data available. MHQ2 is an enhancement designed to enable and facilitate research with psychosocial and mental health aspects. METHODS: UKB sent participants a link to MHQ2 by email in October-November 2022. The MHQ2 was designed by a multi-institutional consortium to build on MHQ1. It characterises lifetime depression further, adds data on panic disorder and eating disorders, repeats 'current' mental health measures and updates information about social circumstances. It includes established measures, such as the PHQ-9 for current depression and CIDI-SF for lifetime panic, as well as bespoke questions. Algorithms and R code were developed to facilitate analysis. RESULTS: At the time of analysis, MHQ2 results were available for 169,253 UKB participants, of whom 111,275 had also completed the earlier MHQ1. Characteristics of respondents and the whole UKB cohort are compared. The major phenotypes are lifetime: depression (18%); panic disorder (4.0%); a specific eating disorder (2.8%); and bipolar affective disorder I (0.4%). All mental disorders are found less with older age and also seem to be related to selected social factors. In those participants who answered both MHQ1 (2016) and MHQ2 (2022), current mental health measure showed that fewer respondents have harmful alcohol use than in 2016 (relative risk 0.84), but current depression (RR 1.07) and anxiety (RR 0.98) have not fallen, as might have been expected given the relationship with age. We also compare lifetime concepts for test-retest reliability. CONCLUSIONS: There are some drawbacks to UKB due to its lack of population representativeness, but where the research question does not depend on this, it offers exceptional resources that any researcher can apply to access. This paper has just scratched the surface of the results from MHQ2 and how this can be combined with other tranches of UKB data, but we predict it will enable many future discoveries about mental health and health in general.

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