Skin, but not gut, microbial communities vary with social density in Antarctic fur seals.
    
    
        
    
    
        
        Front. Microbiol. 16:1603500 (2025)
    
    
    
      
      
	
	    Comparative studies of microbial communities occupying different body sites in wild vertebrates are scarce, but they are crucial for advancing our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary factors shaping animal microbiomes. We therefore used a natural experiment comprising mother-offspring pairs from two adjacent Antarctic fur seal breeding colonies that differ in social density to investigate differences between skin and gut microbial communities in relation to host-specific and environmental factors. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we uncovered a strong influence of colony on the diversity and composition of skin but not gut microbial communities. Specifically, we observed a suppressive effect of high social density on skin microbial alpha diversity as well as an overabundance of phyla associated with diseases and bite wounds in the high-density colony. Our findings suggest that skin microbial communities may be more sensitive to external factors, whereas gut communities are more tightly regulated by the host. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering multiple body sites and their distinct microbial communities to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the factors shaping microbial diversity and composition in marine mammals.
	
	
	    
	
       
      
	
	    
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        Publication type
        Article: Journal article
    
 
    
        Document type
        Scientific Article
    
 
    
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        Keywords
        Antarctic Fur Seal (arctocephalus Gazella) ; Gut Microbiome ; Pinniped ; Skin Microbiome ; Social Density; Evolution; Life; Wild
    
 
    
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        Language
        english
    
 
    
        Publication Year
        2025
    
 
    
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        0
    
 
    
        HGF-reported in Year
        2025
    
 
    
    
        ISSN (print) / ISBN
        1664-302X
    
 
    
        e-ISSN
        1664-302X
    
 
    
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	    Volume: 16,  
	    Issue: ,  
	    Pages: ,  
	    Article Number: 1603500 
	    Supplement: ,  
	
    
 
    
        
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            Frontiers
        
 
        
            Publishing Place
            Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland
        
 
	
        
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        Reviewing status
        Peer reviewed
    
 
     
    
        POF-Topic(s)
        30202 - Environmental Health
    
 
    
        Research field(s)
        Environmental Sciences
    
 
    
        PSP Element(s)
        G-504700-001
G-504700-002
    
 
    
        Grants
        Open Access Publication Fund of Bielefeld University
DFG
British Antarctic Survey's Ecosystems Program
Natural Environment Research Council
German Research Foundation (DFG) Schwerpunktprogramm (special priority programme)
    
 
    
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        Erfassungsdatum
        2025-07-18