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Epigenetic differences at immune and type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes in blood from young children after COVID-19 infection.
J. Autoimmun. 156:103468 (2025)
BACKGROUND: Viral infections, including COVID-19, are associated with an increased risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D), but potential underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. We evaluated whether COVID-19 or influenza A infection is characterized by differential DNA methylation at immune and T1D susceptibility genes in young children at risk for T1D. METHODS: Epigenome-wide association analysis using the Illumina MethylationEPIC microarray was performed in blood taken at age 1.5 years (IQR, 1.49-1.52 y) from 740 prospectively followed children with increased risk of T1D. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A H1N1 antibodies were monitored at 2-4-month intervals from age 6 months to identify infection. RESULTS: COVID-19 and influenza infection occurred prior to the DNA methylation sample in 81 and 74 children, respectively. Of these, infection occurred within 3 months of the DNA methylation sample (recent infection) in 43 and 22 children. Compared to children without COVID-19 or influenza A infection, children with recent COVID-19 infection showed differential methylation at key immune- and antiviral genes, including ADAR, IFI44L, MX1 and OASL. In addition to ADAR, six further T1D susceptibility genes, including the SARS-CoV-2 cell entry receptor neuropilin-1, had differential methylation at nearby CpGs in children infected by SARS-CoV-2. A quantitatively less differential methylation was also observed in children with an earlier COVID-19 infection at some of these CpG sites. Infections with influenza showed no associations. CONCLUSION: Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection showed sustained DNA methylation changes at genes critical for antiviral response and T1D susceptibility, potentially contributing to immune dysregulation and promotion of the autoimmune process underlying T1D.
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Publication type
Article: Journal article
Document type
Scientific Article
Keywords
Autoimmunity ; Covid-19 ; Dna Methylation ; Influenza ; Sars-cov-2 ; Type 1 Diabetes ; Viral Infection; Sars-cov-2 Infection; Cells; Risk
ISSN (print) / ISBN
0896-8411
e-ISSN
0896-8411
Journal
Journal of Autoimmunity
Quellenangaben
Volume: 156,
Article Number: 103468
Publisher
Elsevier
Publishing Place
24-28 Oval Rd, London Nw1 7dx, England
Reviewing status
Peer reviewed
Institute(s)
Institute of Pancreatic Islet Research (IPI)
Institute of Diabetes Research (IDF)
Institute of Diabetes Research (IDF)
Grants
The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (Helmsley) grants
EASD-Novo Nordisk Foundation Diabetes Prize for Excellence
EASD-Novo Nordisk Foundation Diabetes Prize for Excellence