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Shukla, D. ; Czech, H. ; Kokkola, T.* ; Bauer, M.* ; Paul, A.* ; Etzien, U.* ; Ihalainen, M.* ; Fang, Z.* ; Hartikainen, A.* ; Gawlitta, N. ; Hohaus, T.* ; Rudich, Y.* ; Streibel, T. ; Buchholz, B.* ; Sippula, O.* ; Ovrevik, J.* ; Schnelle-Kreis, J. ; Zimmermann, R.

Emission speciation of volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds from a marine engine: Effect of engine load, fuel type and photochemical aging.

Environ. Sci. - Atmospheres 5, 973-986 (2025)
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The enforcement of global fuel sulfur content (FSC) regulations has significantly reduced SO2 and particulate matter (PM) emissions from ships. However, the impact of the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) sulfur reduction policy on gaseous hydrocarbon emissions, including volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (VOCs/IVOCs), remains underexplored. In this study, a 4-stroke single cylinder marine engine was operated using marine gas oil (MGO, FSC = 0.01%) and low-sulfur heavy fuel oil (LS-HFO, FSC = 0.5%) across various engine loads, ranging from 20 kW to a maximum of 80 kW. Emissions were photochemically aged in the oxidation flow reactor "PEAR," simulating an equivalent photochemical aging period from 1.4 +/- 0.2 to 4.6 +/- 0.8 days related to the OH exposure. Emission factors (EFs) of all targeted VOCs/IVOCs varied significantly, ranging from 20.0 +/- 2.5 to 180 +/- 20 mg kWh-1 and from 26.0 +/- 11.0 to 280 +/- 100 mg kWh-1 from a high (80 kW) to low engine load (20 kW) for MGO and LS-HFO, respectively. Monoaromatics dominated total fresh emissions for MGO (64%) and LS-HFO (76%), followed by alkanes. Naphthalene and alkylated naphthalene content declined more than monoaromatic and alkane content, thus changing the VOC/IVOC emission pattern after photochemical aging. Estimated SOA from targeted VOC/IVOC precursors accounted for 41% of the measured secondary organic aerosol (SOA) for MGO, while a lower contribution (34%) was observed for LS-HFO at 20 kW engine load, highlighting the role of unmeasured VOCs/IVOCs in SOA formation. Expanding the research on the effects of atmospheric aging on marine emissions will offer valuable insights into this underexplored area.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Scientific Article
Keywords Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization; Residential Wood Combustion; Aerosol Mass-spectrometer; Particulate; Oxidation; Profiles; Quality; Alkanes; Impact; Policy
Language english
Publication Year 2025
HGF-reported in Year 2025
ISSN (print) / ISBN 2634-3606
e-ISSN 2634-3606
Journal Environmental Science: Atmospheres
Quellenangaben Volume: 5, Issue: 9, Pages: 973-986 Article Number: , Supplement: ,
Publisher Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Publishing Place Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge Cb4 0wf, Cambs, England
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA)
POF-Topic(s) 30202 - Environmental Health
Research field(s) Environmental Sciences
PSP Element(s) G-504500-001
Grants Helmholtz International Lab "aeroHEALTH"
DOI 10.1039/d5ea00040h
WOS ID 001551051700001
Scopus ID 105015827837
Erfassungsdatum 2025-10-13
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