The Nagoya Protocol establishes an international framework for
access-and-benefit-sharing (ABS) including for microbial research. Yet
many microbiologists have only a vague understanding of what the NP
requires and are unsure how to navigate its complexities, despite the
fact that non-compliance can have significant legal consequences and
far-reaching reputational and legal impacts. This paper discusses common
misconceptions and practical challenges that microbiologists may
encounter when complying with the Nagoya Protocol and a step-by-step
guide on how to “do” the Nagoya Protocol. We present three case studies
to showcase real-life experiences and provide best practice principles
for access-and-benefit-sharing while fostering biodiversity
conservation, equitable collaboration, and sustainable innovation.