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Kaur, K.* ; Sharma, P.* ; Kumar, B.* ; Singh, G.* ; Schmitt-Kopplin, P. ; Malik, A.K.*

Green and sustainable valorization of waste jamun (Syzygium cumini) leaves via ultrasound-enhanced deep eutectic solvent extraction of phenolic compounds.

J. Food Process Eng. 49:e70644 (2026)
DOI
A sustainable and green extraction strategy combining ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was developed to valorize Jamun (Syzygium cumini) leaves through the recovery of phenolic compounds. Among the evaluated DESs and conventional solvents, choline chloride-oxalic acid (DES-5) exhibited the highest efficiency for total phenolic content (TPC) extraction. The DES-5-based UAE (DES-5-UAE) was found to be a more efficient process than the traditional heating+stirring method. The one-factor-at-a-time optimization approach identified optimal extraction conditions of 10% V/V water content, 30 min of extraction time, 10:1 liquid–solid ratio, and 40°C temperature, achieving a TPC of 68.24 ± 1.57 mg GAE/g DW. Moreover, the in vitro antioxidant assays revealed the prominent antioxidant activity of Jamun leaves extract based on DES-5 relative to conventional solvents. The scanning electron microscopic study revealed the efficacy of DES-5-UAE in rupturing plant cell walls, thus boosting the extraction of bioactive compounds from the plant matrix. The mass analysis revealed the existence of nine major phenolic compounds in the extract. Stability testing showed 95% TPC retention after 15 days at 40°C. Furthermore, the DES-5 solvent maintained 70% of its initial extraction efficiency across three reuse cycles.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Scientific Article
Keywords Deep Eutectic Solvents ; Extraction ; Gapi ; Polyphenols ; Syzygium Cumini ; Ultrasound; Bioactive Compound; L.; Optimization; Olive; Water; Microextraction; Quantification
ISSN (print) / ISBN 0145-8876
e-ISSN 1745-4530
Journal Journal of Food Process Engineering
Quellenangaben Volume: 49, Issue: 6, Pages: , Article Number: e70644 Supplement: ,
Publisher Wiley
Publishing Place 111 River St, Hoboken 07030-5774, Nj Usa
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Research Unit BioGeoChemistry and Analytics (BGC)
Grants Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty Scheme (VAJRA) Faculty Scheme
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India