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Gerckens, M. ; Alkan, G.H.* ; Kasman, G.* ; Arnold, P.* ; Barton, J.* ; Veit, T.* ; Kauke, T. ; Schneider, C.P. ; Michel, S. ; Zoller, M.* ; Yildirim, A.Ö. ; Behr, J.* ; Kneidinger, N.* ; Mümmler, C.

Prognostic validation of the 2019 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation chronic lung allograft dysfunction states in lung transplant recipients.

ERJ Open Res. 12:01642 (2026)
Publ. Version/Full Text DOI PMC
Open Access Gold
Creative Commons Lizenzvertrag
Background The 2019 ISHLT consensus chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) definition introduced a standardised classification for CLAD into Potential, Possible, Probable and Definite stages, based on the degree and persistence of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) decline. While Probable and Definite CLAD have been associated with graft loss, the significance of earlier stages remains unclear. This study aimed to validate the 2019 ISHLT CLAD classification system under simulated prospective conditions and to define their prognostic and clinical relevance. Methods In 482 lung allograft recipients with measurable baseline FEV1, CLAD states were assigned longitudinally for 10 312 pulmonary function tests according to ISHLT 2019 criteria. Each CLAD state was modelled as a time-dependent covariate to assess mortality risk in multivariable Cox regression analysis. Transitions between CLAD stages were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. Results Possible CLAD was the earliest stage independently associated with increased mortality (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.7-4.5), similar to Probable and Definite CLAD (HR 3.5 (1.8-7.6) and 3.5 (2.4-5.2), respectively). Most lung allograft recipients with Possible CLAD progressed to Probable/Definite CLAD, confirming its clinical importance. In contrast, Potential CLAD frequently resolved and was not associated with increased mortality, identifying it as an early but reversible warning signal. Conclusion Potential CLAD shows uncertain prognostic significance, underscoring the need for biomarkers to identify patients at risk of progression. Possible CLAD is independently linked to increased mortality and defines the earliest actionable stage of chronic allograft dysfunction, for timely intervention.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Scientific Article
ISSN (print) / ISBN 2312-0541
e-ISSN 2312-0541
Journal ERJ Open Research
Quellenangaben Volume: 12, Issue: 5, Pages: , Article Number: 01642 Supplement: ,
Publisher European Respiratory Society
Publishing Place [S.l.]
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI)