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Deschler, S.* ; Kager, J.* ; Erber, J.* ; Fricke, L.* ; Koyumdzhieva, P.* ; Georgieva, A.* ; Lahmer, T.* ; Wiessner, J.R.* ; Voit, F.* ; Schneider, J.* ; Horstmann, J.* ; Iakoubov, R.* ; Treiber, M.* ; Winter, C.* ; Ruland, J.* ; Busch, D.H.* ; Knolle, P.A.* ; Protzer, U. ; Spinner, C.D.* ; Schmid, R.M.* ; Quante, M.* ; Böttcher, K.*

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are highly activated and functionally impaired in COVID-19 patients.

Viruses 13:241 (2021)

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), comprises mild courses of disease as well as progression to severe disease, characterised by lung and other organ failure. The immune system is considered to play a crucial role for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, although especially the contribution of innate-like T cells remains poorly understood. Here, we analysed the phenotype and function of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, innate-like T cells with potent antimicrobial effector function, in patients with mild and severe COVID-19 by multicolour flow cytometry. Our data indicate that MAIT cells are highly activated in patients with COVID-19, irrespective of the course of disease, and express high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A and TNFα ex vivo. Of note, expression of the activation marker HLA-DR positively correlated with SAPS II score, a measure of disease severity. Upon MAIT cell-specific in vitro stimulation, MAIT cells however failed to upregulate expression of the cytokines IL-17A and TNFα, as well as cytolytic proteins, that is, granzyme B and perforin. Thus, our data point towards an altered cytokine expression profile alongside an impaired antibacterial and antiviral function of MAIT cells in COVID-19 and thereby contribute to the understanding of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.

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