Huhn, K.* ; Linz, P.* ; Pemsel, F.* ; Michalke, B. ; Seyferth, S.* ; Kopp, C.* ; Chaudri, M.A.* ; Rothhammer, V.* ; Dörfler, A.* ; Uder, M.* ; Nagel, A.M.* ; Müller, D.N.* ; Waschbisch, A.* ; Lee, D.H.* ; Bäuerle, T.* ; Linker, R.A.* ; Haase, S.*
     
 
    
        
Skin sodium is increased in male patients with multiple sclerosis and related animal models.
    
    
        
    
    
        
        Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 118:e2102549118 (2021)
    
    
    
		
		
			
				Novel MRI techniques allow a noninvasive quantification of tissue sodium and reveal the skin as a prominent compartment of sodium storage in health and disease. Since multiple sclerosis (MS) immunopathology is initiated in the periphery and increased sodium concentrations induce proinflammatory immune cells, the skin represents a promising compartment linking high sodium concentrations and MS immunopathology. We used a 7-T sodium MRI (23Na-MRI) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the skin sodium content in two mouse models of MS. We additionally performed 3-T 23Na-MRI of calf skin and muscles in 29 male relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 29 matched healthy controls. Demographic and clinical information was collected from interviews, and disease activity was assessed by expanded disability status scale scoring. 23Na-MRI and chemical analysis demonstrated a significantly increased sodium content in the skin during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of active immunization. In male patients with RRMS, 23Na-MRI demonstrated a higher sodium signal in the area of the skin compared to age- and biological sex-matched healthy controls with higher sodium, predicting future disease activity in cranial MRI. In both studies, the sodium enrichment was specific to the skin, as we found no alterations of sodium signals in the muscle or other tissues. Our data add to the recently identified importance of the skin as a storage compartment of sodium and may further represent an important organ for future investigations on salt as a proinflammatory agent driving autoimmune neuroinflammation such as that in MS.
			
			
				
			
		 
		
			
				
					
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        Publikationstyp
        Artikel: Journalartikel
    
 
    
        Dokumenttyp
        Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
    
 
    
        Typ der Hochschulschrift
        
    
 
    
        Herausgeber
        
    
    
        Schlagwörter
        Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Skin ; Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Dietary-sodium; Tissue Sodium; Na+ Storage; Spot Urine; Mri; Balance; Electrolyte; Macrophages; Activation; Deposition
    
 
    
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        Sprache
        englisch
    
 
    
        Veröffentlichungsjahr
        2021
    
 
    
        Prepublished im Jahr 
        
    
 
    
        HGF-Berichtsjahr
        2021
    
 
    
    
        ISSN (print) / ISBN
        0027-8424
    
 
    
        e-ISSN
        1091-6490
    
 
    
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	    Band: 118,  
	    Heft: 28,  
	    Seiten: ,  
	    Artikelnummer: e2102549118 
	    Supplement: ,  
	
    
 
  
        
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            Verlag
            National Academy of Sciences
        
 
        
            Verlagsort
            2101 Constitution Ave Nw, Washington, Dc 20418 Usa
        
 
	
        
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        Begutachtungsstatus
        Peer reviewed
    
 
     
    
        POF Topic(s)
        30202 - Environmental Health
    
 
    
        Forschungsfeld(er)
        Environmental Sciences
    
 
    
        PSP-Element(e)
        G-504800-002
    
 
    
        Förderungen
        Preclinical Imaging Platform Erlangen (Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany)
    
 
    
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        Erfassungsdatum
        2021-07-21