Rückert-Eheberg, I.-M. ; Steger, A.* ; Müller, A.* ; Linkohr, B. ; Barthel, P.* ; Maier, M.* ; Allescher, J.* ; Sinner, M.F.* ; Rizas, K.D.* ; Rathmann, W.* ; Laugwitz, K.L.* ; Kääb, S.* ; Peters, A. ; Schmidt, G.*
     
 
    
        
Respiratory rate and its associations with disease and lifestyle factors in the general population - results from the KORA-FF4 study.
    
    
        
    
    
        
        PLoS ONE 20:e0318502 (2025)
    
    
    
		
		
			
				OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to derive median age- and sex-specific respiratory rates in a population-based sample of adults and to identify disease and lifestyle factors associated with elevated respiratory rates. METHODS: In the population-based KORA FF4 study conducted in Augsburg, Germany, 5-minute 12-lead resting electrocardiograms (ECGpro-system, AMEDTEC) were recorded in 2,224 participants from 39 to 88 years. Respiratory rate was derived from these electrocardiograms. Sex- and age-specific medians, IQRs, and percentiles were calculated. Associations of sociodemographic, disease, and lifestyle variables with elevated resting respiratory rate were assessed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Respiratory rate decreased slightly from youngest to middle-aged women and men and increased in old age. Overall, median (IQR) was 15.80 (3.16) breaths per minute (brpm). Five percent of the participants had values lower than 12.06 brpm, and five percent had values above 20.06 brpm (95th percentile). Elevated respiratory rates of ≥  18.6 brpm were found in 13.8% (n =  308). In an adjusted logistic regression model, age, abdominal obesity, diabetes, COPD, smoking, and low education were significantly associated with elevated respiratory rate. Stratified analyses showed that education appeared to be more relevant in women, while the effect of diabetes was more pronounced in men. CONCLUSIONS: High respiratory rate may be an indicator of impaired health in the general population, especially regarding pulmonary and metabolic characteristics, and unfavorable lifestyle and living conditions. Individuals with an increased respiratory rate should therefore be examined and followed up more closely to recognize diseases and adverse progressions at an early stage and to possibly prevent them.
			
			
				
			
		 
		
			
				
					
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        Publikationstyp
        Artikel: Journalartikel
    
 
    
        Dokumenttyp
        Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
    
 
    
        Typ der Hochschulschrift
        
    
 
    
        Herausgeber
        
    
    
        Schlagwörter
        Heart-rate; Myocardial-infarction; Risk Stratification; Pulmonary-function; Predictor; Mortality; Cigarette; Impact
    
 
    
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        Sprache
        englisch
    
 
    
        Veröffentlichungsjahr
        2025
    
 
    
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        0
    
 
    
        HGF-Berichtsjahr
        2025
    
 
    
    
        ISSN (print) / ISBN
        1932-6203
    
 
    
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	    Band: 20,  
	    Heft: 3,  
	    Seiten: ,  
	    Artikelnummer: e0318502 
	    Supplement: ,  
	
    
 
  
        
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            Verlag
            Public Library of Science (PLoS)
        
 
        
            Verlagsort
            Lawrence, Kan.
        
 
	
        
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        Begutachtungsstatus
        Peer reviewed
    
 
    
        Institut(e)
        Institute of Epidemiology (EPI)
    
 
    
        POF Topic(s)
        30202 - Environmental Health
    
 
    
        Forschungsfeld(er)
        Genetics and Epidemiology
    
 
    
        PSP-Element(e)
        G-504000-010
G-504000-006
G-504090-001
    
 
    
        Förderungen
        DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research)
State of Bavaria
Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health - German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
    
 
    
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        Erfassungsdatum
        2025-03-17