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Lenz, A.-G. ; Karg, E.W. ; Lentner, B. ; Dittrich, V. ; Brandenberger, C.* ; Rothen-Rutishauser, B.* ; Schulz, S. ; Ferron, G.A. ; Schmid, O.

A dose-controlled system for air-liquid interface cell exposure and application to zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Part. Fibre Toxicol. 6:32 (2009)
Verlagsversion Volltext DOI PMC
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BACKGROUND: Engineered nanoparticles are becoming increasingly ubiquitous and their toxicological effects on human health, as well as on the ecosystem, have become a concern. Since initial contact with nanoparticles occurs at the epithelium in the lungs (or skin, or eyes), in vitro cell studies with nanoparticles require dose-controlled systems for delivery of nanoparticles to epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface. RESULTS: A novel air-liquid interface cell exposure system (ALICE) for nanoparticles in liquids is presented and validated. The ALICE generates a dense cloud of droplets with a vibrating membrane nebulizer and utilizes combined cloud settling and single particle sedimentation for fast (~10 min; entire exposure), repeatable (<12%), low-stress and efficient delivery of nanoparticles, or dissolved substances, to cells cultured at the air-liquid interface. Validation with various types of nanoparticles (Au, ZnO and carbon black nanoparticles) and solutes (such as NaCl) showed that the ALICE provided spatially uniform deposition (<1.6% variability) and had no adverse effect on the viability of a widely used alveolar human epithelial-like cell line (A549). The cell deposited dose can be controlled with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) over a dynamic range of at least 0.02-200 mug/cm(2). The cell-specific deposition efficiency is currently limited to 0.072 (7.2% for two commercially available 6-er transwell plates), but a deposition efficiency of up to 0.57 (57%) is possible for better cell coverage of the exposure chamber. Dose-response measurements with ZnO nanoparticles (0.3-8.5 mug/cm(2)) showed significant differences in mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-8) and oxidative stress (HO-1) markers when comparing submerged and air-liquid interface exposures. Both exposure methods showed no cellular response below 1 mug/cm(2 )ZnO, which indicates that ZnO nanoparticles are not toxic at occupationally allowed exposure levels. CONCLUSION: The ALICE is a useful tool for dose-controlled nanoparticle (or solute) exposure of cells at the air-liquid interface. Significant differences between cellular response after ZnO nanoparticle exposure under submerged and air-liquid interface conditions suggest that pharmaceutical and toxicological studies with inhaled (nano-)particles should be performed under the more realistic air-liquid interface, rather than submerged cell conditions.
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Publikationstyp Artikel: Journalartikel
Dokumenttyp Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
Schlagwörter IN-VITRO; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; PARTICULATE MATTER; OXIDATIVE STRESS; LUNG; DEPOSITION; DELIVERY; AEROSOL
Sprache englisch
Veröffentlichungsjahr 2009
HGF-Berichtsjahr 0
ISSN (print) / ISBN 1743-8977
e-ISSN 1743-8977
Quellenangaben Band: 6, Heft: , Seiten: , Artikelnummer: 32 Supplement: ,
Verlag BioMed Central Ltd.
Verlagsort London
Begutachtungsstatus Peer reviewed
POF Topic(s) 30202 - Environmental Health
Forschungsfeld(er) Lung Research
PSP-Element(e) G-505000-008
G-505000-001
G-505000-004
PubMed ID 20015351
Scopus ID 77955222448
Erfassungsdatum 2009-12-31