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Körber, N. ; Priller, A.* ; Yazici, S.* ; Bauer, T. ; Cheng, C.-C. ; Mijočević, H. ; Wintersteller, H.* ; Jeske, S. ; Vogel, E. ; Feuerherd, M. ; Tinnefeld, K. ; Winter, C.* ; Ruland, J.* ; Gerhard, M.* ; Haller, B.* ; Christa, C. ; Zelger, O.* ; Roggendorf, H.* ; Halle, M.* ; Erber, J.* ; Lingor, P.* ; Keppler, O.* ; Zehn, D.* ; Protzer, U. ; Knolle, P.A.*

Dynamics of spike-and nucleocapsid specific immunity during long-term follow-up and vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 convalescents.

Nat. Commun. 13:153 (2022)

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Anti-viral immunity continuously declines over time after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we characterize the dynamics of anti-viral immunity during long-term follow-up and after BNT162b2 mRNA-vaccination in convalescents after asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus-specific and virus-neutralizing antibody titers rapidly declined in convalescents over 9 months after infection, whereas virus-specific cytokine-producing polyfunctional T cells persisted, among which IL-2-producing T cells correlated with virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Among convalescents, 5% of individuals failed to mount long-lasting immunity after infection and showed a delayed response to vaccination compared to 1% of naïve vaccinees, but successfully responded to prime/boost vaccination. During the follow-up period, 8% of convalescents showed a selective increase in virus-neutralizing antibody titers without accompanying increased frequencies of circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. The same convalescents, however, responded to vaccination with simultaneous increase in antibody and T cell immunity revealing the strength of mRNA-vaccination to increase virus-specific immunity in convalescents.

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