Vlaanderen, J.* ; Portengen, L.* ; Schüz, J.* ; Olsson, A.* ; Pesch, B.* ; Kendzia, B.* ; Stücker, I.* ; Guida, F.* ; Brüske, I. ; Wichmann, H.-E. ; Consonni, D.* ; Landi, M.T.* ; Caporaso, N.* ; Siemiatycki, J.* ; Merletti, F.* ; Mirabelli, D.* ; Richiardi, L.* ; Gustavsson, P.* ; Plato, N.* ; Jöckel, K.-H.* ; Ahrens, W.* ; Pohlabeln, H.* ; Tardón, A.* ; Zaridze, D.* ; Field, J.K.* ; 't Mannetje, A.* ; Pearce, N.* ; McLaughlin, J.* ; Demers, P.* ; Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N.* ; Lissowska, J.* ; Rudnai, P.* ; Fabianova, E.* ; Dumitru, R.S.* ; Bencko, V.* ; Foretova, L.* ; Janout, V.* ; Boffetta, P.* ; Forastiere, F.* ; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B.* ; Peters, S.* ; Brüning, T* ; Kromhout, H.* ; Straif, K.* ; Vermeulen, R.*
     
    
        
Effect modification of the association of cumulative exposure and cancer risk by intensity of exposure and time since exposure cessation: A flexible method applied to cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the SYNERGY study.
    
    
        
    
    
        
        Am. J. Epidemiol. 179, 290-298 (2014)
    
    
    
      
      
	
	    The indiscriminate use of the cumulative exposure metric (the product of intensity and duration of exposure) might bias reported associations between exposure to hazardous agents and cancer risk. To assess the independent effects of duration and intensity of exposure on cancer risk, we explored effect modification of the association of cumulative exposure and cancer risk by intensity of exposure. We applied a flexible excess odds ratio model that is linear in cumulative exposure but potentially nonlinear in intensity of exposure to 15 case-control studies of cigarette smoking and lung cancer (19852009). Our model accommodated modification of the excess odds ratio per pack-year of cigarette smoking by time since smoking cessation among former smokers. We observed negative effect modification of the association of pack-years of cigarette smoking and lung cancer by intensity of cigarette smoke for persons who smoked more than 2030 cigarettes per day. Patterns of effect modification were similar across individual studies and across major lung cancer subtypes. We observed strong negative effect modification by time since smoking cessation. Application of our method in this example of cigarette smoking and lung cancer demonstrated that reducing a complex exposure history to a metric such as cumulative exposure is too restrictive.
	
	
	    
	
       
      
	
	    
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        Publication type
        Article: Journal article
    
 
    
        Document type
        Scientific Article
    
 
    
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        Keywords
        Cigarette Smoke ; Cumulative Exposure ; Effect Modification ; Lung Cancer ; Pooled Analysis; Modeling Total Exposure; Occupational-exposure; Pooled Analysis; Europe; Carcinoma; Alcohol; Smokers
    
 
    
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        Language
        english
    
 
    
        Publication Year
        2014
    
 
    
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        HGF-reported in Year
        2014
    
 
    
    
        ISSN (print) / ISBN
        0002-9262
    
 
    
        e-ISSN
        1476-6256
    
 
    
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	    Volume: 179,  
	    Issue: 3,  
	    Pages: 290-298 
	    Article Number: ,  
	    Supplement: ,  
	
    
 
    
        
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            Oxford University Press
        
 
        
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            Cary
        
 
	
        
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        Reviewing status
        Peer reviewed
    
 
    
        Institute(s)
        Institute of Epidemiology (EPI)
    
 
    
        POF-Topic(s)
        30503 - Chronic Diseases of the Lung and Allergies
    
 
    
        Research field(s)
        Genetics and Epidemiology
    
 
    
        PSP Element(s)
        G-503900-001
    
 
    
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        Erfassungsdatum
        2014-02-24