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A walnut-enriched diet reduces lipids in healthy caucasian subjects, independent of recommended macronutrient replacement and time point of consumption: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
Nutrients 9:1097 (2017)
Studies indicate a positive association between walnut intake and improvements in plasma lipids. We evaluated the effect of an isocaloric replacement of macronutrients with walnuts and the time point of consumption on plasma lipids. We included 194 healthy subjects (134 females, age 63 ± 7 years, BMI 25.1 ± 4.0 kg/m2) in a randomized, controlled, prospective, cross-over study. Following a nut-free run-in period, subjects were randomized to two diet phases (8 weeks each). Ninety-six subjects first followed a walnut-enriched diet (43 g walnuts/day) and then switched to a nut-free diet. Ninety-eight subjects followed the diets in reverse order. Subjects were also randomized to either reduce carbohydrates (n = 62), fat (n = 65), or both (n = 67) during the walnut diet, and instructed to consume walnuts either as a meal or as a snack. The walnut diet resulted in a significant reduction in fasting cholesterol (walnut vs. control: −8.5 ± 37.2 vs. −1.1 ± 35.4 mg/dL; p = 0.002), non-HDL cholesterol (−10.3 ± 35.5 vs. −1.4 ± 33.1 mg/dL; p ≤ 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (−7.4 ± 32.4 vs. −1.7 ± 29.7 mg/dL; p = 0.029), triglycerides (−5.0 ± 47.5 vs. 3.7 ± 48.5 mg/dL; p = 0.015) and apoB (−6.7 ± 22.4 vs. −0.5 ± 37.7; p ≤ 0.001), while HDL-cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) did not change significantly. Neither macronutrient replacement nor time point of consumption significantly affected the effect of walnuts on lipids. Thus, 43 g walnuts/d improved the lipid profile independent of the recommended macronutrient replacement and the time point of consumption.
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Publication type
Article: Journal article
Document type
Scientific Article
Keywords
Carbohydrate ; Cardiovascular Disease ; Cholesterol ; Fat ; Lipids ; Macronutrient Replacement ; N-3-pufa ; Nuts ; Walnuts; Endothelial Function; Fatty-acids; Cardiovascular-disease; Monounsaturated Fat; Saturated Fat; Mediterranean Diet; Plasma-cholesterol; Primary Prevention; Hdl-cholesterol; Crossover Trial
ISSN (print) / ISBN
2072-6643
e-ISSN
2072-6643
Journal
Nutrients
Quellenangaben
Volume: 9,
Issue: 10,
Article Number: 1097
Publisher
MDPI
Publishing Place
Basel
Non-patent literature
Publications
Reviewing status
Peer reviewed