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Ziegler, A.-G. ; Danne, T.* ; Daniel, C. ; Bonifacio, E.

100 Years of insulin: Lifesaver, immune target, and potential remedy for prevention.

Med. 2, 1120-1137 (2021)
Postprint DOI PMC
In this review, we bring our personal experiences to showcase insulin from its breakthrough discovery as a life-saving drug 100 years ago to its uncovering as the autoantigen and potential cause of type 1 diabetes and eventually as an opportunity to prevent autoimmune diabetes. The work covers the birth of insulin to treat patients, which is now 100 years ago; the development of human insulin, insulin analogs, devices, and the way into automated insulin delivery; the realization that insulin is the primary autoimmune target of type 1 diabetes in children; novel approaches of immunotherapy using insulin for immune tolerance induction; the possible limitations of insulin immunotherapy; and an outlook on how modern vaccines could remove the need for another 100 years of insulin therapy.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Review
Corresponding Author
Keywords Autoimmunity ; Automated Insulin Delivery ; Insulin ; Insulin Autoantibody ; Insulin Device ; Insulin Immunotherapy ; Insulin Pump ; Tolerance ; Treg ; Type 1 Diabetes
ISSN (print) / ISBN 2666-6359
e-ISSN 2666-6340
Journal Med (N Y)
Quellenangaben Volume: 2, Issue: 10, Pages: 1120-1137 Article Number: , Supplement: ,
Publisher Cell Press
Non-patent literature Publications
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute for Pancreatic Beta Cell Research (IPI)
Institute of Diabetes Research Type 1 (IDF)
Type 1 Diabetes Immunology (TDI)
Grants NIDDK NIH HHS