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Bechmann, N.* ; Barthel, A.* ; Schedl, A.* ; Herzig, S. ; Varga, Z.* ; Gebhard, C.* ; Mayr, M.* ; Hantel, C.* ; Beuschlein, F.* ; Wolfrum, C.* ; Perakakis, N.* ; Poston, L.* ; Andoniadou, C.L.* ; Siow, R.* ; Gainetdinov, R.R.* ; Dotan, A.* ; Shoenfeld, Y.* ; Mingrone, G.* ; Bornstein, S.R.*

Sexual dimorphism in COVID-19: Potential clinical and public health implications.

Lancet Diabet. Endocrinol. 10, 221-230 (2022)
Postprint DOI PMC
Open Access Green
Current evidence suggests that severity and mortality of COVID-19 is higher in men than in women, whereas women might be at increased risk of COVID-19 reinfection and development of long COVID. Differences between sexes have been observed in other infectious diseases and in the response to vaccines. Sex-specific expression patterns of proteins mediating virus binding and entry, and divergent reactions of the immune and endocrine system, in particular the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, in response to acute stress might explain the higher severity of COVID-19 in men. In this Personal View, we discuss how sex hormones, comorbidities, and the sex chromosome complement influence these mechanisms in the context of COVID-19. Due to its role in the severity and progression of SARS-CoV-2 infections, we argue that sexual dimorphism has potential implications for disease treatment, public health measures, and follow-up of patients predisposed to the development of long COVID. We suggest that sex differences could be considered in future pandemic surveillance and treatment of patients with COVID-19 to help to achieve better disease stratification and improved outcomes.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Review
Corresponding Author
Keywords Chronic-fatigue-syndrome; Gender-differences; Sars-cov-2; Age; Autoantibodies; Vaccination; Infection; Risk; Population; Prevalence
ISSN (print) / ISBN 2213-8587
e-ISSN 2213-8595
Journal Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology
Quellenangaben Volume: 10, Issue: 3, Pages: 221-230 Article Number: , Supplement: ,
Publisher Elsevier
Publishing Place Ste 800, 230 Park Ave, New York, Ny 10169 Usa
Non-patent literature Publications
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute of Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)
Grants Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft