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Rodriguez, F.S.* ; Röhr, S.* ; Dragano, N.* ; Schmidt, B.* ; Becher, H.* ; Schikowski, T.* ; Gastell, S.* ; Harth, V.* ; Hoven, H.* ; Linseisen, J.* ; Greiser, K.H.* ; Leitzmann, M.* ; Bohmann, P.* ; Castell, S.* ; Heise, J.K.* ; Krist, L.* ; Keil, T.* ; Karch, A.* ; Teismann, H.* ; Moreno Velásquez, I.* ; Pischon, T.* ; Peters, A. ; Führer, A.* ; Mikolajczyk, R.* ; Günther, K.* ; Brand, T.* ; Meinke-Franze, C.* ; Schipf, S.* ; Grabe, H.J.* ; Brenner, H.* ; Koch-Gallenkamp, L.* ; Berger, K.* ; Wagner, M.* ; Katzke, V.* ; Lieb, W.* ; Pabst, A.* ; Riedel-Heller, S.G.*

Low income, being without employment, and living alone: How they are associated with cognitive functioning-Results from the German national cohort (NAKO).

Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn., DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2438825 (2024)

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Aim was to investigate to what extent cognitive functioning differs by three socioeconomic conditions: low income, being without employment, and living alone. A total of N = 158,144 participants of the population-based German National Cohort (NAKO) provided data on socioeconomic conditions and completed cognitive tests. Multivariable confounder-adjusted regression analyses indicated that cognitive functioning was lower in those with low income (b = -0.21) compared to not having low income, living alone (b = -0.04) compared to not living alone, and being without employment (b = -0.09) compared to being employed. An interaction with age indicated that the difference in cognitive functioning was getting larger with age between the income groups and living alone status groups. Accordingly, the three conditions appear independently associated with poorer cognitive functioning. Pathways of how cognitive health in this population group can be improved need to be explored.

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Publication type Article: Journal article

Document type Scientific Article

Corresponding Author

Keywords Socioeconomic ; Cognitive Functioning ; Living Alone ; Low Income ; Poverty ; Unemployment; Socioeconomic-status; Older-adults; Life-course; Poverty; Decline; Education; Dementia; Stress; Risk

ISSN (print) / ISBN 1382-5585

e-ISSN 1744-4128

Journal Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

Publisher Taylor & Francis

Publishing Place 2-4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon Ox14 4rn, Oxon, England

Non-patent literature Publications

Reviewing status Peer reviewed

Institute(s) Institute of Epidemiology (EPI)

Grants Institutes of the Leibniz Association
Helmholtz Association
Federal states of Germany
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)