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Hakola, L.* ; Clasen, J.L.* ; Uusitalo, U.* ; Andrén Aronsson, C.* ; Hummel, S. ; Mattila, M.* ; Niinistö, S.* ; Toppari, J.* ; Ziegler, A.-G. ; Hagopian, W.A.* ; Akolkar, B.* ; Rewers, M.J.* ; McIndoe, R.A.* ; Lernmark, Å.* ; Krischer, J.P.* ; Norris, J.M.* ; Erlund, I.* ; Virtanen, S.M.*

Retinol, carotenoid, and tocopherol intake and status, and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: The environmental determinants of diabetes in the young study.

Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 42:e70196 (2026)
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Open Access Hybrid
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Aims: To study the associations of dietary intake of A and E vitamins, as well as plasma retinols, carotenoids, and tocopherols in relation to development of islet autoimmunity and progression to T1D. Materials and Methods: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study followed 7659 newborns with genetic susceptibility to T1D for 6 years in the USA, Finland, Germany, and Sweden. Dietary vitamin intake was assessed repeatedly with 3-day food-records in full cohort at ages 6 months to 6 years. Plasma retinols, carotenoids, and tocopherols were analysed in a nested case-control setting with 359 children with islet autoimmunity and 1033 matched controls. Results: In the full cohort analyses, dietary intake of retinol, β-carotene, and vitamin E was not associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity or progression to T1D. Further, none of the plasma retinol, carotenoid, and tocopherol biomarkers were associated with islet autoimmunity or T1D in the full nested case-control analyses. We observed effect modification by country, breastfeeding, sex, and follow-up time for both intake and biomarkers of vitamins on the risk of islet autoimmunity or T1D, and some subgroup associations. Finally, a plasma carotenoid metabolite (likely zeinoxanthin) (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39, 0.95, p = 0.03) and γ-carotene at 6 months (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45, 0.94, p = 0.02) were inversely associated with the odds of developing GADA-first. Conclusions: Retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols were not consistently associated with islet autoimmunity. This study adds to the understanding of factors and their interactions related to T1D development.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Scientific Article
Keywords Birth Cohort ; Carotenoids ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Retinol ; Tocopherols ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin E; Serum Alpha-tocopherol
ISSN (print) / ISBN 1520-7552
e-ISSN 1520-7560
Journal Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
Quellenangaben Volume: 42, Issue: 5, Pages: , Article Number: e70196 Supplement: ,
Publisher Wiley
Publishing Place 111 River St, Hoboken 07030-5774, Nj Usa
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute of Diabetes Research (IDF)
Grants State funding for university-level health research (Wellbeing services county of Pirkanmaa)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Breakthrough T1D
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
NIH/NCATS Clinical and Translational Science Awards
Research Council of Finland
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases