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The German National Cohort: Ophthalmic assessment, baseline profile, and potential for artificial intelligence–based eye research.
Ophthalmol. Sci. 6:101408 (2026)
Objective: To describe the ophthalmic examination protocol within the German National Cohort (NAKO)/NAKO Gesundheitsstudie, to report the baseline profile of participants undergoing ophthalmic assessment, and to illustrate the potential as a population-based resource for artificial intelligence (AI) research in eye health. Design: Baseline analysis of ophthalmic data within the nationwide, population-based multicenter prospective NAKO study. Participants: Forty-eight thousand four hundred and sixty adults in the ophthalmic level 2 module of 205 053 adults enrolled in NAKO, aged 19–74 years, with a mean age 48.9 ± 12.5 years, and 52.7% were male. Methods: All participants underwent standardized biomedical examinations and detailed questionnaire-based data collection, including nondilated color fundus imaging, visual acuity testing, and a brief ocular history. Ocular health was summarized using descriptive statistics. Fundus image quality and morphological features (e.g., cup-to-disc ratio and arteriolar-to-venular ratio) were assessed using open-source deep learning models. Standard deep learning architectures were trained on the fundus images to predict age, sex, and blood pressure. Main Outcome Measures: Percentage of fundus images graded as good quality; mean absolute error (MAE) for age and blood pressure prediction; accuracy for sex prediction. Results: The analysis includes 48 460 participants who completed the ophthalmic baseline examination of NAKO. Mean visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) was 0.01 ± 0.20 (left eye, mean ± standard deviation) and 0.03 ± 0.21 (right eye). Self-reported ocular disease prevalence was 4.2% for cataract, 2.0% for glaucoma, and 0.9% for macular degeneration; 68.2% of fundus images were classified as gradable using 4 deep learning–based quality grading models. Morphological features showed systematic differences across age groups. Standard deep learning architectures showed comparative performance to the state-of-the-art for age, sex, and blood pressure prediction (2.96 MAE for age prediction, 0.84 accuracy for sex prediction, and 10.78 and 6.97 MAE for systolic and diastolic blood pressure prediction). Conclusions: The German National Cohort provides a large-scale, nationwide population-based resource with visual acuity measurements and systemic health indicators, as well as color fundus images in about 50 000 NAKO participants. These data lay the groundwork for studying eye health in the general adult population in Germany and can serve as a strong foundation for developing and validating AI tools in eye health research. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Publication type
Article: Journal article
Document type
Scientific Article
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence ; Epidemiology ; Fundus Image ; Prospective Cohort Study ; Quality Control
ISSN (print) / ISBN
2666-9145
e-ISSN
2666-9145
Journal
Ophthalmology Science
Quellenangaben
Volume: 6,
Issue: 11,
Article Number: 101408
Publisher
Elsevier
Reviewing status
Peer reviewed
Institute(s)
Institute of Epidemiology (EPI)